Table 1 Risk factors for Calciphylaxis.

Patient-related factors

Female sex; Caucasian race; Morbid obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m²);

Protein malnutrition (serum albumin ~2 gm/dL);

Recent weight loss (>10% in 6 months).

Biochemical factors

Hypercalcemia >10.5 mg/dL; Hyperphosphatemia (>6.5 mg/dL);

Calcium × Phosphate product (Ca × PO₄) > 55 mg²/dL²;

Alkaline Phosphatase 10 IU above normal;

Hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary)

Disease factors

ESRD on replacement therapy; Diabetes Mellitus;

Cirrhosis of liver;

Hypercoagulable states (e.g Protein C and S deficiency);

Malignancy, Multiple myeloma, Lymphoma, Cholangiocarcinoma.

Medication-related factors

Warfarin therapy; Use of steroids;

Use of vitamin D & calcium based phosphate binders;

Drug infusions such as parenteral iron therapy;

Trauma (e.g. subcutaneous insulin injections).