From: A 44 year-old lady with chronic renal disease and intractable ulcers: a case report
Disease | Distribution | Chief characteristics |
---|---|---|
Peripheral Vascular Disease | Lower extremities | Absent pulses, abnormal ankle brachial pressure index |
Venous ulcer | Above the malleoli | Reddish brown discoloration with brawny edema suggesting venous stasis |
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis | Symmetric, lower extremities | Palpable purpura evolve into hemorrhagic papules with milder symptoms; Positive serology/cryoglobulins; Characteristic skin biopsy |
Pyoderma gangrenosum | Lower extremities | Associated with IBD and malignancy; Starts as a pustule, enlarges into violaceous erythematous plaque which ulcerates with heaped-up borders |
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | Generalized | Widespread rapidly developing purpura. Associated with shock or disseminated infection and multi organ failure; A consumption coagulopathy |
Warfarin-induced skin necrosis | Extremities, breast, trunk | History of warfarin use; May have associated protein C and S deficiency; Starts as erythematous macules which become edematous and necrotic; Skin biopsy shows fibrin thrombi within the blood vessels with interstitial hemorrhage |
Atheroembolic phenomena | Diffuse | Starts as purpura after vascular procedure such as angiography |
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis | Symmetrical, extremities | Commonly associated with end stage renal disease on dialysis; May be associated with Gadolinium contrast agent; Presents as papules or plaques – areas of thick hardened skin with hyperpigmentation; Biopsy shows increased collagen bundles and fibroblast like cells |
Hypercoagulable states e.g. Protein C & S deficiency | Trunk and extremities | History of thromboembolic events; Skin necrosis develops after initiating warfarin; Ecchymotic skin lesions coalesce and ulcerate leading to necrosis |