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Table 1 Demographics, lifestyles, and health characteristics and dietary intakes of study population by intakes of glycemic load in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–19941

From: Glycemic load is associated with HDL cholesterol but not with the other components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994

 

Energy-adjusted glycemic load2

 
 

Quartile 1

(< 119)

Quartile 2

(119 – 157)

Quartile 3

(157 – 204)

Quartile 4

(≥ 204)

P value 3

Glycemic load intake4

     

   Men

95

138

177

244

 

   Women

96

139

177

245

 

Sex [n (%)]

    

<0.001

   Men

659 (14.6)

688 (14.6)

714 (13.6)

986 (15.3)

 

   Women

443 (10.4)

458 (10.5)

506 (11.3)

557 (9.8)

 

Race/ethnicity [n (%)]

    

<0.001

   Non-Hispanic white

621 (49.6)

634 (50.6)

597 (47.6)

481 (38.4)

 

   Non-Hispanic black

411 (32.8)

312 (24.9)

288 (23)

288 (23)

 

   Mexican American

179 (14.3)

264 (21.1)

331 (26.4)

442 (35.3)

 

   Other

42 (3.4)

43 (3.4)

37 (3.0)

41 (3.3)

 

Smokers [n (%)]

725 (57.9)

672 (53.6)

663 (52.9)

741 (59.2)

<0.001

Prescription medication users [n (%)]

429 (34.2)

436 (34.8)

435 (34.7)

398 (31.8)

<0.001

Vitamin/mineral supplement users [n (%)]

449 (35.8)

426 (34.0)

462 (36.9)

402 (32.1)

<0.001

Age5 (y)

45.8 ± 0.5a

46.4 ± 0.5a

46.3 ± 0.5a

43.3 ± 0.5b

<0.001

Body mass index5 (kg/m 2)

26.6 ± 0.2a

26.4 ± 0.1a,b

26.4 ± 0.2a,b

25.9 ± 0.1b

0.013

Alcohol intake5 (drinks/mo)

13 ± 0.8a

12 ± 0.6a,b

10 ± 0.5b

12 ± 0.7a,b

0.007

Dietary intakes6

     

   Total energy (kcal/d)

2290 ± 35a,b

2224 ± 3a

2229 ± 30a

2378 ± 33b

0.002

   Fat (g/d)

92 ± 1.8a

86 ± 1.5 a, b

85 ± 1.4 b, c

89 ± 1.6c

<0.001

   Protein (g/d)

88 ± 1.5a

83 ± 1.3a,b

84 ± 1.3a,b

88 ± 1.4b

<0.005

   Carbohydrate (g/d)

254 ± 4.0a

258 ± 3.5a

269 ± 3.6a

295 ± 4.2b

<0.001

   Fiber (g/1000 kca/)

7.7 ± 0.1

7.8 ± 0.1

8.1 ± 0.1

7.7 ± 0.1

0.077

  1. 1 n = 5011 (men, 3047; women, 1964).
  2. 2 Glycemic load is the product of the glycemic index of a food item and carbohydrate intake from that food in g divided by 100. Values not sharing common superscripts (a, b, c) are significantly different in a row using Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons after testing the hypothesis with t-test.
  3. 3 Significance for χ2-statistic for categorical variables or for F-statistic for continuous variables.
  4. 4 Values are medians.
  5. 5 Values are mean ± SEs.
  6. 6 Data were derived from the 24-hour dietary recalls.