Table 1 Represents studies regarding prevalence, gender distribution, reason for smoking and misconception
Study | Country | Study population | Type of study | Sample size | Prevalence | Mean age | Gender distribution | Reason for smoking | Misconception of shisha smoking is better than cigarette smoking |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brockman NL et al. [5] | United States | Students of two large universities | Cross-sectional | 307 facebook profile owner | 60(27.8%) | 18.8 ± 0.6 | Male = 31(51.7%) | - | - |
Female = 29(48.3%) | |||||||||
Sutfin EL et al. [9] | United States | Students of eight universities | Cross sectional | 3770 | 40.3% | 17.9 ± 1.6 | Male = 328(50%) | - | 32% |
Female = 325(50%) | |||||||||
Braun RE [11] | United States | University studens | Cross sectional | 2000 | 15.4% | 23.1 ± 12.32 | Male = 40% | Socializing/partying = (29%), peer influence = (27%), relaxation (25%) | |
Female = 60% | |||||||||
Taha AZ et al. [16] | Saudi Arabia | Students of three colleges. | Cross sectional | 500 male students | 12.6% | 6 to 18 years | Study only on male students | - | - |
Jawaid A et al. [17] | Pakistan | Students of Four univerisities | Cross sectional | 450 participants | 241(53.6%) | Male = 268(59.6%) | Curiosity = 61.4% | 269(60%) | |
Female = 182(40.4%) | Pleasure seeking = 46.9% | ||||||||
Peer pressure = 22.8% | |||||||||
Boredom = 17.8% | |||||||||
Stress = 10.8% | |||||||||
Jaffri SB [18] | Pakistan | Students of college and universities | Cross sectional | 422 students | 90(49%) | 21.6 | Male = 30% | Curiosity = 42.9% | 29(7.1) |
Female = 15.2% | Pleasure seeking = 33.1% | ||||||||
Boredom = 18.4% | |||||||||
Previous smokers = 14.6% | |||||||||
Peer pressure = 14.6% | |||||||||
Stress = 10.3% | |||||||||
Rehman S [4] | Pakistan | Four cities | Cross sectional | 406 participants | 246(61%) | 22.27 ± 4 | Male = 175(71%) | Curiosity = 61% | 282(69% |
Female = 71(29%) | Social trends = 55% | ||||||||
Peer pressure = 57% | |||||||||
Gadalla S [19] | Qualyobia governorate | Two rural secondry schools | Cross sectional | 635 students | 19% | 12 | Male = 26% | Smokers have more friends = 34% of males, 26% of the females. | - |
Female = 5% | |||||||||
Smoking makes boys look handsome = 8% of males, 3% of females |