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Table 2 Represents studies regarding prevalence, gender distribution, reason for smoking and misconception

From: Harmful effects of shisha: literature review

Serial no

Study

Country

Prevalence

Study population

Type of study

Sample size

Mean age

Gender distribution

Reason for smoking

Misconception of shisha smoking is better than cigarette smoking

1

Amin TT et al. [22]

Egypt

53.9%

Secondry school students

Cross sectional

1,652

 

Male = 30.3%

1) more socially acceptable than cigarettes (52.1%)

49.7%

        

Female = 8.5%

  
         

2) relieve stress and tensions (37.8%)

 

2

Israel E et al. [23]

Egypt

 

Cafe workers

Cross sectional

-

20

-

-

-

3

Al-Naggar RA [24]

Malaysia

20%

Medical students

Cross sectional

300

22.5 ± 2.5

-

-

-

5

Maziak W et al. [25]

Syria

-

University students

Cross sectional

587

Male = 19.2 ± 2.2

Male = 62.6%

-

-

       

Female = 21.7 ± 3.2

Female = 29.8%

  

6

Braun RE [11]

USA

15.4%

University students

Cross sectional

2,000

23.1 ± 12.32

Male = 40%

Socializing/partying = (29%), peer influence = (27%), relaxation (25%)

-

        

Female = 60%

  

7

Aljarrah k et al. [26]

Jordan

24.4%

Hookah users of cafe of san diego down town

Cross sectional

235

17-35 years

Male = 32(24.2%)

 

58.3%

        

Female = 24(24.5%)

  

8

Dar-Odeh NS [27]

Jordan

Male = 21(106), Female = 53 (63%)

Three jordanian universities

Cross sectional

1454

 

Male = 21(106), Female = 53(63%)

 

89.06