Serial no | Study | Country | Prevalence | Study population | Type of study | Sample size | Mean age | Gender distribution | Reason for smoking | Misconception of shisha smoking is better than cigarette smoking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Amin TT et al. [22] | Egypt | 53.9% | Secondry school students | Cross sectional | 1,652 | Male = 30.3% | 1) more socially acceptable than cigarettes (52.1%) | 49.7% | |
Female = 8.5% | ||||||||||
2) relieve stress and tensions (37.8%) | ||||||||||
2 | Israel E et al. [23] | Egypt | Cafe workers | Cross sectional | - | 20 | - | - | - | |
3 | Al-Naggar RA [24] | Malaysia | 20% | Medical students | Cross sectional | 300 | 22.5 ± 2.5 | - | - | - |
5 | Maziak W et al. [25] | Syria | - | University students | Cross sectional | 587 | Male = 19.2 ± 2.2 | Male = 62.6% | - | - |
Female = 21.7 ± 3.2 | Female = 29.8% | |||||||||
6 | Braun RE [11] | USA | 15.4% | University students | Cross sectional | 2,000 | 23.1 ± 12.32 | Male = 40% | Socializing/partying = (29%), peer influence = (27%), relaxation (25%) | - |
Female = 60% | ||||||||||
7 | Aljarrah k et al. [26] | Jordan | 24.4% | Hookah users of cafe of san diego down town | Cross sectional | 235 | 17-35 years | Male = 32(24.2%) | 58.3% | |
Female = 24(24.5%) | ||||||||||
8 | Dar-Odeh NS [27] | Jordan | Male = 21(106), Female = 53 (63%) | Three jordanian universities | Cross sectional | 1454 | Male = 21(106), Female = 53(63%) | 89.06 |